codegen

Introduction

The pydy.codegen package contains various tools to generate numerical code from symbolic descriptions of the equations of motion of systems. It allows you to generate code using a variety of backends depending on your needs. The generated code can also be auto-wrapped for immediate use in a Python session or script. Each component of the code generators and wrappers are accessible so that you can use just the raw code or the wrapper versions.

We currently support three backends:

lambdify
This generates NumPy-aware Python code which is defined in a Python lambda function, using the sympy.utilities.lambdify module and is the default generator.
Theano
This generates Theano trees that are compiled into low level code, using the sympy.printers.theano_code module.
Cython
This generates C code that can be called from Python, using SymPy’s C code printer utilities and Cython.

On Windows

For the Cython backend to work on Windows you must install a suitable compiler. See this Cython wiki page for instructions on getting a compiler installed. The easiest solution is to use the Microsoft Visual C++ Compiler for Python 2.7.

Example Use

The simplest entry point to the code generation tools is through the System class.

>>> from pydy.models import multi_mass_spring_damper
>>> sys = multi_mass_spring_damper()
>>> type(sys)
<class 'pydy.system.System'>
>>> rhs = sys.generate_ode_function()
>>> help(rhs) # rhs is a function:
Returns the derivatives of the states, i.e. numerically evaluates the right
hand side of the first order differential equation.

x' = f(x, t, p)

Parameters
==========
x : ndarray, shape(2,)
    The state vector is ordered as such:
        - x0(t)
        - v0(t)
t : float
    The current time.
p : dictionary len(3) or ndarray shape(3,)
    Either a dictionary that maps the constants symbols to their numerical
    values or an array with the constants in the following order:
        - m0
        - c0
        - k0

Returns
=======
dx : ndarray, shape(2,)
    The derivative of the state vector.


>>> import numpy as np
>>> rhs(np.array([1.0, 2.0]), 0.0, np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]))
array([ 2., -7.])

You can also use the functional interface to the code generation/wrapper classes:

>>> from numpy import array
>>> from pydy.models import multi_mass_spring_damper
>>> from pydy.codegen.ode_function_generators import generate_ode_function
>>> sys = multi_mass_spring_damper()
>>> sym_rhs = sys.eom_method.rhs()
>>> q = sys.coordinates
>>> u = sys.speeds
>>> p = sys.constants_symbols
>>> rhs = generate_ode_function(sym_rhs, q, u, p)
>>> rhs(array([1.0, 2.0]), 0.0, array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]))
array([ 2., -7.])

Other backends can be used by simply passing in the generator keyword argument, e.g.:

>>> rhs = generate_ode_function(sym_rhs, q, u, p, generator='cython')
>>> rhs(array([1.0, 2.0]), 0.0, array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]))
array([ 2., -7.])

The backends are implemented as subclasses of ODEFunctionGenerator. You can make use of the ODEFunctionGenerator classes directly:

>>> from pydy.codegen.ode_function_generators import LambdifyODEFunctionGenerator
>>> g = LambdifyODEFunctionGenerator(sym_rhs, q, u, p)
>>> rhs = g.generate()
>>> rhs(array([1.0, 2.0]), 0.0, array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]))
array([ 2., -7.])

Furthermore, for direct control over evaluating matrices you can use the lamdify and theano_functions in SymPy or utilize the CythonMatrixGenerator class in PyDy. For example, this shows you how to generate C and Cython code to evaluate matrices:

>>> from pydy.codegen.cython_code import CythonMatrixGenerator
>>> sys = multi_mass_spring_damper()
>>> q = sys.coordinates
>>> u = sys.speeds
>>> p = sys.constants_symbols
>>> sym_rhs = sys.eom_method.rhs()
>>> g = CythonMatrixGenerator([q, u, p], [sym_rhs])
>>> setup_py, cython_src, c_header, c_src = g.doprint()
>>> print(setup_py)
#!/usr/bin/env python

from distutils.core import setup
from distutils.extension import Extension

from Cython.Build import cythonize
import numpy

extension = Extension(name="pydy_codegen",
                      sources=["pydy_codegen.pyx",
                               "pydy_codegen_c.c"],
                      include_dirs=[numpy.get_include()])

setup(name="pydy_codegen",
      ext_modules=cythonize([extension]))

>>> print(cython_src)
import numpy as np
cimport numpy as np
cimport cython

cdef extern from "pydy_codegen_c.h":
    void evaluate(
                  double* input_0,
                  double* input_1,
                  double* input_2,
                  double* output_0
                 )

@cython.boundscheck(False)
@cython.wraparound(False)
def eval(
         np.ndarray[np.double_t, ndim=1, mode='c'] input_0,
         np.ndarray[np.double_t, ndim=1, mode='c'] input_1,
         np.ndarray[np.double_t, ndim=1, mode='c'] input_2,
         np.ndarray[np.double_t, ndim=1, mode='c'] output_0
        ):

    evaluate(
             <double*> input_0.data,
             <double*> input_1.data,
             <double*> input_2.data,
             <double*> output_0.data
            )

    return (
            output_0
           )

>>> print(c_src)
#include <math.h>
#include "pydy_codegen_c.h"

void evaluate(
              double input_0[1],
              double input_1[1],
              double input_2[3],
              double output_0[2]
             )
{

    double pydy_0 = input_1[0];

    output_0[0] = pydy_0;
    output_0[1] = (-input_2[1]*pydy_0 - input_2[2]*input_0[0])/input_2[0];

}

>>> print(c_header)
void evaluate(
              double input_0[1],
              double input_1[1],
              double input_2[3],
              double output_0[2]
             );
/*

input_0[1] : [x0(t)]
input_1[1] : [v0(t)]
input_2[3] : [m0, c0, k0]

*/

>>> rhs = g.compile()
>>> res = array([0.0, 0.0])
>>> rhs(array([1.0]), array([2.0]), array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0]), res)
array([ 2., -7.])

We also support generating Octave/Matlab code as shown below:

>>> from pydy.codegen.octave_code import OctaveMatrixGenerator
>>> sys = multi_mass_spring_damper()
>>> q = sys.coordinates
>>> u = sys.speeds
>>> p = sys.constants_symbols
>>> sym_rhs = sys.eom_method.rhs()
>>> g = OctaveMatrixGenerator([q + u, p], [sym_rhs])
>>> m_src = g.doprint()
>>> print(m_src)
function [output_1] = eval_mats(input_1, input_2)
% function [output_1] = eval_mats(input_1, input_2)
%
% input_1 : [x0(t), v0(t)]
% input_2 : [k0, m0, c0]

    pydy_0 = input_1(2);

    output_1 = [pydy_0; (-input_2(3).*pydy_0 - ...
    input_2(1).*input_1(1))./input_2(2)];

end